Social Sciences.
	The Dutch West India Company was formed in 1621 to develop the Dutch slave trade and to establish colonies in America and Africa. At its heyday, the company had settlements in present-day New York, South America, several islands in the Caribbean, and along the west coast of Africa. Al Capone spent his teenage years running with street gangs in his Brooklyn neighborhood. He moved to Chicago in 1919, and quickly built a criminal empire worth tens of millions of dollars. Although he was implicated in dozens of murders, it was a conviction for tax evasion that ended his career. Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd began his criminal career in 1922, with a botched robbery that netted him $3.50. By 1934 he had racked up a long list of successful robberies and was #1 on the FBI's Most Wanted List. He was killed by law enforcement in 1935. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is of the United States Department of the Treasury. Its mission is to develop and produce U.S. currency notes and other security documents, advise other Federal agencies on document security matters, and to process claims for the redemption of mutilated currency. The St. Lawrence Seaway is a system of channels, canals and locks that allows ocean-going vessels to sail from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to Duluth, Minnesota, a total distance of 2,342 miles. It was completed in 1959. The word "Handcuffs" was once spelled "handcops," and that spelling came from the Old English word "cops," meaning "chain or shackle." This is appropriate since the earliest restraints used on criminals were chains and shackles. Today's handcuffs typically consist of two rings with ratchet devices that lock each ring on its respective wrist. Marie Besnard was accused of poisoning 11 people, including her husband, with arsenic. Arrested on July 21, 1949, she went through three trials before finally being acquitted on December 12, 1961. Peter Cooper made a fortune in a number of ventures, including the world's first steam-powered locomotive and the first transatlantic telegraph cable. In 1854, he established the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art to provide free courses in science, engineering, and art to both men and women. Harry Ford Sinclair was a failure as a druggist, but was a huge success in the oil business. He founded Sinclair Oil and Refining Corporation on May 1, 1916, and it was the largest independent oil company in the country by World War I. The Pony Express operated from April 1860 to October 1861. Riders on horseback carried the mail from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, -- a distance of 1,966 miles -- in less than 10 days. Clutter Family Murders On November 16, 1959, Garden City (Kansas) Police were called to a farm house in Holcomb, where they discovered four members of the Clutter Family had been murdered. The case received national attention, and subsequently became the plot of Truman Capote's novel In Cold Blood. Mentholatum was invented by former real estate mogul A.A. Hyde in Wichita, Kansas, in 1894. An instant success locally, , the medicinal ointment enjoyed nationwide popularity by 1903, and had become a worlwide product by 1913. Arthur Hoyt Valentine founded a chain of diners housed in small, prefabricated buildings, and then founded his own line of portable, prefabricated buildings known as Valentine Diners, which came with everything necessary to start a restaurant -- the kitchen, counter, stools, lighting and plumbing fixtures, and even a bathroom. William Coffin Coleman was selling typewriters when he came across a gasoline-fueled lamp that gave off such a bright glow he could actually read by it. He subsequently bought the company that made the lamp, and the Coleman Company is now a world leader in portable camping and other recreational equipment. The United States' First Income Tax was imposed soon after outbreak of the Civil War, in 1861. The tax rate was initialy set at 3 percent on all incomes higher than $800 a year, but was changed to include all incomes up to $10,000 a year, with higher incomes taxed at 5 percent.