On August 2, 1914, the Ottoman Empire signed a secret treaty with Germany, while the Allies were trying to negotiate to keep the Turks neutral. In the last days of October, Turkish warships bombarded Russian ports on the Black Sea. France, Great Britain and Russia then declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Turkish troops fought the Allies in Mesopotamia, Palestine, Sinai, and the Caucasus Mountains in Russia.

F. Lee Benns. Europe Since 1914 In Its World Setting. New York:F.S. Crofts & Co., 1946.

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This page was last updated on 10/20/2011.