Leonardo da VinciHis Life in Brief
Leonardo da Vinci [duh vin'chE] was probably born outside the village of Vinci, near Florence in central Italy, the illegitimate son of Ser Piero da Vinci, a legal specialist, and a peasant girl. He was raised by his father.
During the late 1460's, Leonardo became an apprentice to Andrea del Verrocchio, a leading painter and sculptor in Florence. He remained with Verrocchio as an assistant after completing his apprenticeship.
From about 1478 to 1482, Leonardo had his own studio in Florence.
About 1482, Leonardo left Florence to become court artist for Lodovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan, where he remained for seventeen years. Leonardo had a variety of duties in the duke's court. As a military engineer, he designed artillery and planned the diversion of rivers. As a civil engineer, he designed revolving stages for pageants. As a sculptor, he planned a huge monument of the duke's father mounted on a leaping horse.
In 1499, the French overthrew Lodovico Sforza and forced him to flee Milan. Leonardo also left the city. He visited Mantura and Venice before returning to Florence.
In 1517, Leonardo settled in France at the invitation of King Francis I, who wanted to surround himself with famous representatives of Renaissance culture. Leonardo spent his final years near Tours in a large house provided by the king. He died there in 1519.
His Paintings
Leonardo's painting style is characterized by his arrangement of elements into a pyramid design, blurred outlines, graceful figures, an overall feeling of calm, and dramatic contrasts of dark and light.
Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on
the painting The Baptism of Christ. His hand can
be seen in the head of the left angel, the distant
landscape, and the skin of Christ. His parts of the
painting have soft shadings, with shadows concealing the
edges. The figures are shown in the act of moving from
one position to another. Verrocchio's figures and objects
in this work are sharpely defined. [Uffizi Gallery,
Florence]
During the period when Leonardo had his studio in Florence, he received a commission to paint a church altarpiece now known as the Adoration of the Three Kings. A depiction of three kings worshiping the Christ child, Leonardo abandoned the traditional treatment of this subject. Earlier versions had shown the figures in profile, with the Virgin Mary and Jesus on one side of the painting and the kings on the other. Leonardo, however, placed the Holy Family in the center, facing the viewer, with the kings and other figures forming a semicircle around them. Leonardo never finished the piece, however, and it exists today in an unfinished form, with the figures and the light and dark areas visible only as outlines.
About 1485, while living in Milan, Leonardo painted Madonna of the Rocks, his earliest major painting that survives in complete form.
Leonardo painted The Last Supper
about 1495, on a wall of the dining hall in the monastery
of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in Milan. The painting shows
Christ and His 12 Apostles just after Jesus has announced
that one of them will betray Him. Leonardo changed the
traditional arrangement of the figures from a line of 13
figures to several small groups. Each apostle responds in
a different way to Christ's announcement.
When painting The Last Supper, Leonardo rejected the fresco technique normally used for wall paintings. An artist who uses this fresco method must work quickly. But Leonardo wanted to paint slowly, revise his work, and use shadows, so he developed a new technique that involved coating the monastery wall with a compound he had created. But the compound, which was supposed to hold the paint in place and protect it from moisture, did not work. Soon after he completed the picture, the paint began to flake away.
After returning to Florence, Leonardo
was hired to decorate the walls of a new hall for the
city council (along with Michelangelo). Leonardo chose
the Battle of Anghiari, in which Florence had defeated
Milan in 1440. His painting showed a cavalry battle, with
tense soldiers, leaping horses, and clouds of dust. In
painting the Battle of Anghiari, Leonardo again
tried an experimental technique called encaustic.
As in the case of The Last Supper, the
experiment did not work. Leonardo left the painting
unfinished when he went on a trip. The paint began to
run, and he never finished the project. (Michelangelo
never finished his paintings either.)
While
working on the Battle of Anghiari, Leonardo
painted the Mona Lisa, a portrait of Lisa del
Giocondo, the young wife of a Florentine merchant. The
painting has become famous because of the mysterious
smile of the subject. However, Leonardo actually showd
the woman's face moving into or out of a smile. He
arranged her folded hands so that the figure formed a
pyramid design. This technique solved a problem that had
faced earlier portrait painters. These artists had shown
only the head and upper part of the body, and the picture
seemed to cut off the subject at the chest. Leonardo's
placement of the hands of the Mona Lisa gave the
woman a more complete, natural appearance. [oil painting
on wood, about 1503, The Louvre, Paris]
The
Virgin and Child with Saint Anne clearly illustrates
how Leonardo organized his paintings in a pyramid design.
It also represents his style with its blurred outlines,
graceful figures, overall feeling of calm, and dramatic
contrasts of dark and light. [unfinished oil painting on
wood, early 1500's, The Louvre, Paris]
His Notebook Sketches
Leonardo recorded his ideas about art, engineering, and science in several notebooks. About 4,200 pages still exist. Many pages include brilliant drawings that reveal Leonardo's powers of observation and skill as a draftsman. He wrote his notes backward, so they can only be read with a mirror. As detailed as the drawings are, however, many of his mechanical devices would not have worked. Others would have remained impractical until a power source such as the steam engine became available. There is no evidence that Leonardo ever attempted to build any of the devices he sketched.
Vitruvian Man, one of
Leonardo's most famous notebook drawings, was made around
1492. It depicts a naked male figure in two superimposed
positions with his arms and legs apart and simultaneously
inscribed in a circle and square. The picture represents
a cornerstone of Leonardo's attempts to relate man to
nature. He believed the workings of the human body to be
an analogy for the workings of the universe. According to
Leonardo's notes in the accompanying text, it was made as
a study of the proportions of the male human body as
described in a treatise by Vitruvius, an architect in
ancient Rome. [Gallerie dell' Academia, Venice, Italy]
Leonardo's
anatomical study of the shoulder demonstrates his
remarkable powers of observation. Many of his paintings
were as much attempts to convey his anatomical
discoveries as they were works of art.
Left to right: a sketch of an experimental flying machine, a design for a movable bridge, a construction crane, and a drawing of a rock formation
The Robinson Library
Fine Arts.--Visual Arts.--Italy.
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